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Small Animal Internal Medicine
Allison Kendall, DVM, MS, DACVIM (SAIM) (she/her/hers)
Assistant Clinical Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Julie Byron, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM)
Professor - Clinical
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Joan R. Coates, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Neurology) (she/her/hers)
Professor
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri, United States
JD Foster, VMD, DACVIM (SAIM)
Staff Internist
Friendship Hospital for Animals
Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Allison Kendall, DVM, MS, DACVIM (SAIM) (she/her/hers)
Assistant Clinical Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Garrett Oetelaar, BSc, DVM, MS, DACVR, DECVDI (he/him/his)
Clinical Radiologist
VCA Canada Calgary Animal Referral and Emergency Centre
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Natasha J. Olby, Vet MB, PhD, MRCVS, DACVIM (Neurology) (she/her/hers)
Professor (Neurology and Neurosurgery)
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Shelly L. Vaden, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM), Founder ACVNU
Professor Internal Medicine (Nephrology and Urology)
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Jodi Westropp, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM)
Professor, Medicine and Epidemiology
University of California
Davis, California, United States
Larry G. Adams, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM) (he/him/his)
Professor, Small Animal Internal Medicine
Purdue University
W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Chris Adin, DVM, DACVS
Professor and Executive Associate Dean
University of Florida
Newberry, Florida, United States
Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM & Nutrition)
Professor of Internal Medicine, Interventional Radiology, and Nutrition; The Bulldog Veterinary Medicine Professorship
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, United States
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition characterized by the passive, involuntary leakage of urine. Disorders of micturition can present in all ages, sex, and breed of dogs dependent on the underlying cause and age of onset. While the exact prevalence of all dogs with UI is unknown, some studies have reported 3%-20% of spayed female dogs develop acquired UI. The prevalence of acquired UI in male dogs is much lower.
Clinical descriptions and diagnostic algorithms for diagnostics and management of UI in small animal medicine are lacking. The use of human terminology and diagnostic schemes may be inappropriate in veterinary medicine given the variations in anatomy and etiology between species and sexes. Furthermore, large prospective studies evaluating management of UI in both male and female dogs are still necessary. An evidence-based and expert panel summary will help guide clinicians through necessary diagnostics to determine the underlying cause of UI as well as choosing the most appropriate treatment.
The objectives of this consensus statement are therefore to provide guidelines on both the recommended diagnostics and treatment for various causes of canine UI. Specifically, historical diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. Pathophysiology directly related to the dog micturition system will be reviewed to guide diagnostic interpretation and treatment options. Contributions to this consensus statement were provided by members of the working group as well as members of the American Society of Veterinary Nephrology and Urology.